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<title>Text processing</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Text processing</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Computer processing. For mental processing, see <a href="Reading_comprehension" title="Reading comprehension">Reading comprehension</a>. For language processing by computers, see <a href="Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a>.</div>

<p>In computing, the term <b>text processing</b> refers to the theory and practice of automating the creation or manipulation of electronic text.

<i><b>Text</b></i> usually refers to all the alphanumeric characters specified on the keyboard of the person engaging the practice, but in general <i>text</i> means the <a href="Abstraction_layer" title="Abstraction layer">abstraction layer</a> immediately above the standard <a href="Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encoding</a> of the target text.

The term <i><b>processing</b></i> refers to automated (or mechanized) processing, as opposed to the same manipulation done manually.

</p><p>Text processing involves computer commands which invoke content, content changes, and cursor movement, for example to

</p>

<ul><li>search and replace</li>

<li>format</li>

<li>generate a processed report of the content of, or</li>

<li>filter a file or report of a text file.</li></ul>

<p>The text processing of a <a href="Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expression</a> is a virtual editing machine, having a primitive programming language that has named registers (identifiers), and named positions in the sequence of characters comprising the text. Using these, the "text processor" can, for example, mark a region of text, and then move it. The text processing of a <i><a href="Unix_utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Unix utility">utility</a></i> is a <a href="Filter_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter program">filter program</a>, or <i>filter</i>. These two mechanisms comprise text processing.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>

<p>Since the standardized markup such as <a href="ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">ANSI escape codes</a> are generally invisible to the editor, they comprise a set of transitory properties that become at times indistinguishable from <a href="Word_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Word processing">word processing</a>. But the definite distinctions from word processing are that <b>text processing</b> proper:

</p>

<ul><li>represents "text processing utilities", not just "text editing" applications.</li>

<li>is much more "the keyboard way", as opposed to "the mouse way" (e.g. drag and drop, cut and paste) of initiating an edit.</li>

<li>is sequential access rather than random access in approach.</li>

<li>operates directly at the <a href="Presentation_layer" title="Presentation layer">presentation layer</a> rather than indirectly at the <a href="Application_layer" title="Application layer">application layer</a>.</li>

<li>works raw data that is standardized and works more openly rather than tending towards any proprietary methods.</li></ul>

<p>In this way markup such as font and color are not really a distinguishing factor, because the character sequences that affect font and color are simply standard characters inserted automatically by a <i>background text processing</i> mode, made to work transparently by compliant text editors, yet becoming otherwise visible as <i>text processing commands</i> when that mode is not in effect. So text processing is defined most basically (but not entirely) around the visual characters (or <a href="Grapheme" title="Grapheme">graphemes</a>) rather than the standard, yet invisible characters.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The development of computer text processing started in earnest with Kleene's formalizing what is a <i>regular language</i>. Such <i><a href="Regular_expressions" class="mw-redirect" title="Regular expressions">regular expressions</a></i> could then become a mini-program, complete with a compilation process, available to perform any edit, once that language was extended. Similarly, <i>filters</i> are extended by evolving particular <i><a href="Command_(computing)" title="Command (computing)">options</a></i>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_concepts">Basic concepts</h2></div>

<p>An editor essentially invokes an input stream and directs it to the text processing environment, which is either a <a href="Command_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Command shell">command shell</a> or a <a href="Text_editor" title="Text editor">text editor</a>. The resulting output is applicable to further text processing, the final result of which is comparable to a single application of an algorithm applied <i>once</i> by a more sophisticated and structured computer program.

</p><p>Text processing is, unlike an algorithm, a manually administered sequence of simpler macros that are the pattern-action expressions and filtering mechanisms. In either case the programmer's intention is impressed indirectly upon a given set of textual characters in the act of text processing. The results of a text processing step are sometimes only hopeful, and the attempted mechanism is often subject to multiple drafts through visual feedback, until the <a href="Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expression</a> or markup language details, or until the utility options, are fully mastered.

</p><p>Text processing is concerned mostly with producing textual characters at the highest level of computing, where its activities are just below the practical uses of computing—the <i>manual</i> transmission of information.

</p><p>Ultimately all computing is text processing, from the self-compiling textual characters of an assembler, through the automated programming language generated to handle a blob of graphical data, and finally to the metacharacters of regular expressions which groom existing text documents.

</p><p>Text processing is its own automation.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characters">Characters</h3></div>

<p>Textual characters come in standardized character sets containing also control characters such as newline characters, which arrange text. Other types of control characters arrange the transmission, define the character sets, and perform other housekeeping tasks.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Text_editor" title="Text editor">Text editor</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Unix_commands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Unix commands">List of Unix commands</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tocs.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/10663223.pdf">The subject matter of the book</a> <i>Automatic Text Processing</i> by <a href="Gerard_Salton" title="Gerard Salton">Gerard Salton</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sosciso.de/en/software/datenanalyse/qualitativ/text-processing/">Database with Text Processing Tools</a> (2013-10-23)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courses.washington.edu/socw580/contentsoftware.shtml">Content analysis software </a> Software for Content Analysis.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.text-filter.com/text-tools-online.htm">Text Tools Online</a> Online Text processing tools.</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Natural_language_processing454" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AI-complete" title="AI-complete">AI-complete</a></li>

<li><a href="Bag-of-words_model" title="Bag-of-words model">Bag-of-words</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Bigram" title="Bigram">Bigram</a></li>

<li><a href="Trigram" title="Trigram">Trigram</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">Computational linguistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_language_understanding" title="Natural language understanding">Natural language understanding</a></li>

<li><a href="Stop_word" title="Stop word">Stop words</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Text_mining" title="Text mining">Text analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Argument_mining" title="Argument mining">Argument mining</a></li>

<li><a href="Collocation_extraction" title="Collocation extraction">Collocation extraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Concept_mining" title="Concept mining">Concept mining</a></li>

<li><a href="Coreference#Coreference_resolution" title="Coreference">Coreference resolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Deep_linguistic_processing" title="Deep linguistic processing">Deep linguistic processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Distant_reading" title="Distant reading">Distant reading</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_extraction" title="Information extraction">Information extraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Named-entity_recognition" title="Named-entity recognition">Named-entity recognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Ontology_learning" title="Ontology learning">Ontology learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Parsing" title="Parsing">Parsing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Semantic_parsing" title="Semantic parsing">Semantic parsing</a></li>

<li><a href="Syntactic_parsing_(computational_linguistics)" title="Syntactic parsing (computational linguistics)">Syntactic parsing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Part-of-speech_tagging" title="Part-of-speech tagging">Part-of-speech tagging</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_analysis_(machine_learning)" title="Semantic analysis (machine learning)">Semantic analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_role_labeling" title="Semantic role labeling">Semantic role labeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_decomposition_(natural_language_processing)" title="Semantic decomposition (natural language processing)">Semantic decomposition</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_similarity" title="Semantic similarity">Semantic similarity</a></li>

<li><a href="Sentiment_analysis" title="Sentiment analysis">Sentiment analysis</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Terminology_extraction" title="Terminology extraction">Terminology extraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Text_mining" title="Text mining">Text mining</a></li>

<li><a href="Textual_entailment" title="Textual entailment">Textual entailment</a></li>

<li><a href="Truecasing" title="Truecasing">Truecasing</a></li>

<li><a href="Word-sense_disambiguation" title="Word-sense disambiguation">Word-sense disambiguation</a></li>

<li><a href="Word-sense_induction" title="Word-sense induction">Word-sense induction</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Text_segmentation21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Text_segmentation" title="Text segmentation">Text segmentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Compound-term_processing" title="Compound-term processing">Compound-term processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Lemmatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemmatisation">Lemmatisation</a></li>

<li><a href="Lexical_analysis" title="Lexical analysis">Lexical analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Shallow_parsing" title="Shallow parsing">Text chunking</a></li>

<li><a href="Stemming" title="Stemming">Stemming</a></li>

<li><a href="Sentence_boundary_disambiguation" title="Sentence boundary disambiguation">Sentence segmentation</a></li>

<li><a href="Word#Word_boundaries" title="Word">Word segmentation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Automatic_summarization" title="Automatic summarization">Automatic summarization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Multi-document_summarization" title="Multi-document summarization">Multi-document summarization</a></li>

<li><a href="Sentence_extraction" title="Sentence extraction">Sentence extraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Text_simplification" title="Text simplification">Text simplification</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">Machine translation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer-assisted_translation" title="Computer-assisted translation">Computer-assisted</a></li>

<li><a href="Example-based_machine_translation" title="Example-based machine translation">Example-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Rule-based_machine_translation" title="Rule-based machine translation">Rule-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistical_machine_translation" title="Statistical machine translation">Statistical</a></li>

<li><a href="Transfer-based_machine_translation" title="Transfer-based machine translation">Transfer-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Neural_machine_translation" title="Neural machine translation">Neural</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Distributional_semantics" title="Distributional semantics">Distributional semantics</a> models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Document-term_matrix" title="Document-term matrix">Document-term matrix</a></li>

<li><a href="Explicit_semantic_analysis" title="Explicit semantic analysis">Explicit semantic analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="FastText" title="FastText">fastText</a></li>

<li><a href="GloVe" title="GloVe">GloVe</a></li>

<li><a href="Language_model" title="Language model">Language model</a> (<a href="Large_language_model" title="Large language model">large</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Latent_semantic_analysis" title="Latent semantic analysis">Latent semantic analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Word_embedding" title="Word embedding">Word embedding</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Language_resource" title="Language resource">Language resources</a>,<br>datasets and corpora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and<br>standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Corpus_linguistics" title="Corpus linguistics">Corpus linguistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Lexical_resource" title="Lexical resource">Lexical resource</a></li>

<li><a href="Linguistic_Linked_Open_Data" title="Linguistic Linked Open Data">Linguistic Linked Open Data</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine-readable_dictionary" title="Machine-readable dictionary">Machine-readable dictionary</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_text" title="Parallel text">Parallel text</a></li>

<li><a href="PropBank" title="PropBank">PropBank</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_network" title="Semantic network">Semantic network</a></li>

<li><a href="Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System" title="Simple Knowledge Organization System">Simple Knowledge Organization System</a></li>

<li><a href="Speech_corpus" title="Speech corpus">Speech corpus</a></li>

<li><a href="Text_corpus" title="Text corpus">Text corpus</a></li>

<li><a href="Thesaurus_(information_retrieval)" title="Thesaurus (information retrieval)">Thesaurus (information retrieval)</a></li>

<li><a href="Treebank" title="Treebank">Treebank</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_Dependencies" title="Universal Dependencies">Universal Dependencies</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Data</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="BabelNet" title="BabelNet">BabelNet</a></li>

<li><a href="Bank_of_English" title="Bank of English">Bank of English</a></li>

<li><a href="DBpedia" title="DBpedia">DBpedia</a></li>

<li><a href="FrameNet" title="FrameNet">FrameNet</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Ngram_Viewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Ngram Viewer">Google Ngram Viewer</a></li>

<li><a href="WordNet" title="WordNet">WordNet</a></li>

<li><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Automatic_identification_and_data_capture" title="Automatic identification and data capture">Automatic identification<br>and data capture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Speech_segmentation" title="Speech segmentation">Speech segmentation</a></li>

<li><a href="Speech_synthesis" title="Speech synthesis">Speech synthesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_language_generation" title="Natural language generation">Natural language generation</a></li>

<li><a href="Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">Optical character recognition</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Topic_model" title="Topic model">Topic model</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Document_classification" title="Document classification">Document classification</a></li>

<li><a href="Latent_Dirichlet_allocation" title="Latent Dirichlet allocation">Latent Dirichlet allocation</a></li>

<li><a href="Pachinko_allocation" title="Pachinko allocation">Pachinko allocation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer-assisted_reviewing" title="Computer-assisted reviewing">Computer-assisted<br>reviewing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Automated_essay_scoring" title="Automated essay scoring">Automated essay scoring</a></li>

<li><a href="Concordancer" title="Concordancer">Concordancer</a></li>

<li><a href="Grammar_checker" title="Grammar checker">Grammar checker</a></li>

<li><a href="Predictive_text" title="Predictive text">Predictive text</a></li>

<li><a href="Pronunciation_assessment" title="Pronunciation assessment">Pronunciation assessment</a></li>

<li><a href="Spell_checker" title="Spell checker">Spell checker</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Natural-language_user_interface" title="Natural-language user interface">Natural language<br>user interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chatbot" title="Chatbot">Chatbot</a></li>

<li><a href="Interactive_fiction" title="Interactive fiction">Interactive fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Question_answering" title="Question answering">Question answering</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_assistant" title="Virtual assistant">Virtual assistant</a></li>

<li><a href="Voice_user_interface" title="Voice user interface">Voice user interface</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Formal_semantics_(natural_language)" title="Formal semantics (natural language)">Formal semantics</a></li>

<li><a href="Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence)" title="Hallucination (artificial intelligence)">Hallucination</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_Language_Toolkit" title="Natural Language Toolkit">Natural Language Toolkit</a></li>

<li><a href="SpaCy" title="SpaCy">spaCy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14802672#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata721" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14802672#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata721" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4059667-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85134304">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007531722605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/5e8ced90-97e4-438f-9ba0-07924afb3bb9">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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